Early Computers 1949-1955 ENIAC, the Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer, was the first multipurpose computer invented by John Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946. Weighing in at just over 30 tons with 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1500 relays and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors and inductors. From the period of 1949 through 1952, the ENIAC led the computer field. Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States (b. 1884, d. 1972). He inherited the office upon the death of Franklin Roosevelt. He was re-elected in 1948. 1949 Mauchly and John Eckert build the Binary Automatic Computer (BINAC). One of the major advances of this machine is that data is stored on magnetic tape rather than on punched cards. Grace Hopper worked for Eckert-Mauchly when all programming was still done using a series of binary codes (using only 1s and 0s). In 1952 she developed the first computer compiler for the UNIVAC computer. Initially it was called the B-O compiler and then later renamed FLOW-MATIC. She also invented COBOL, the first user-friendly business software program, which is still in use today. Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States (b. 1890, d. 1969). He was elected President in 1952 with the campaign slogan "I Like Ike". Due to the development of the three-filter system by Peter Goldmark of CBS, color broadcasting began in 1953. In 1951 comedienne Lucille Ball (1911-1989), together with her husband, Desi Arnaz, founded Desilu, which began producing I Love Lucy. 1952 A complaint is filed against IBM, alleging monopolistic practices in its computer business, in violation of the Sherman Act. Queen Elizabeth II was crowned in Westminster Abbey in London on June 2, 1953 at the age of 25. 1954 Texas Instruments announces the start of commercial production on silicon transistors. 1954 Jack Tramiel founds Commodore Business Machines as a typewriter repair service. Rosa Parks (1913-2___) in 1955 was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man. Her action resulted in a boycott of the Montgomery bus system. Within a year, the Supreme Court ruled that the bus segregation policy was unconstitutional. 1955 Successful vaccine against polio was developed. Photo - Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz was purchased at http://www.allwall.com/ Photo - Grace Hopper was taken from Inventors Online Museum. http://www.inventorsmuseum.com/gracehopper.htm Photo - ENIAC (back wall/top picture) was taken from Inventors Online Museum. http://www.inventorsmuseum.com/eniac.htm Photo - John Mauchly with ENIAC (back wall/left picture) was taken from Inventors Online Museum. http://www.inventorsmuseum.com/eniac.htm Photo - Colored television was taken from Inventors Online Museum. http://www.inventorsmuseum.com/television.htm Photo - President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Oval Office was taken from the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library and Museum; e-mail: eisenhower.library@nara.gov; Phone: 1-877-RING IKE. http://eisenhower.archives.gov/avsl.htm Photo - President Harry S. Truman, December 14, 1952 was taken from the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum; e-mail: truman.library\@nara.gov; Phone: 1-800-833-1225. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/archive/photos/images/75-1.htm Photo collage (ceiling) - Korean War was taken from the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library and Museum. http://www.eisenhower.utexas.edu/Korea/html/Koreamuseumexhibit.html Photo - President Truman meets with the captains of the Army and Navy football teams before their regular game, December 2, 1950. Picture was taken from the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/archive/photos/images/sports.htm Photo - petal car was taken with a digital camera. LeBouef